Can Educational technologies improve learning

Introduction Following hefty improvement in production technologies and technological knowhow, personal computers became largely affordable. Many people thought that education could evolve and get enhanced better leading to the emergence of a super smart population. The global society may not have precisely accomplished this.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Can Educational technologies improve learning? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, technologies that are available to students and teachers have rapidly evolved compared to the period in history when even low speed desktop computers were hard to use. With this insight, the question that remains is whether educational technologies have a role in enhancing the quality of education. For the purpose of discussions of this paper, the term educational technology means â€Å"ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources† (Richey, 2008, p.24). Educational technology embraces but also goes beyond the use of internet applications, hardware, software, blogs, and other tools and instruments that enhance free and fast flow of information. From this perspective, amid considering various arguments and counter-arguments for and against the roles of educational technologies in the modern society in improving learning in schools, the paper argues that educational technologies can serve to improve learning. Role of educational technologies in improving learning Endeavor to improve education has always been a challenging one. For this reason, people have conducted test scores besides making comparisons of perceived performance of a nation’s education against other nations. This has resulted to pushing education to the forefront of the state level politics. In this context, improvement of education ranks right behind concerns of healthc are reforms (Scherer, 2004, p.37). Given this intense need to increase the quality of education, deployment of educational technologies can greatly aid in making learning and teaching a success. However, it is important to note that technology does not act in similar manner with physical mechanisms of improving learning. For instance, while smaller classes are preferred for effective learning, making use of technology to enhance education cannot act in such a similar manner. In support of this line of argument, Jonassen (1997) reckons, â€Å"technology can be a â€Å"force multiplier† for the teacher: Instead of the teacher being the only source of help in a classroom, students can access web sites, online tutorials, and more to assist them† (p.67). As physical classes would be over as the day ends, â€Å"†¦assignments and teacher’s resources are always available online via web resources† (Soni, 2004, p.45).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that students can access the information they require at any time they need it. Additionally, students can request for tutorial aid at time they feels like from the teachers or even from online collaboration. Moreover, technology can greatly enhance the parental involvement in fostering learning which results in greater educational achievements of students. The roles of technology in fostering the involvement of parents in education is perhaps relevant by considering the current situation in which parents have tighter schedules and work for longer hours. Therefore, they cannot constantly aid the children in their homework and keep a constant check on their performance in schools. However, technology can act as an enormous source of resolving this challenge. Additionally, parents can communicate with their children right at home via instant messaging and emails. This implies th at ardent communication is critical component for enhancing learning in schools. Information technology has acted to improve this component magnificently. For students taking projects, projects that are principally inquiry based acts as significant mechanisms that enable students to focus more on thinking as opposed to memorization. Technological development has again enhanced this. Such group projects enable students to build essential skills such as communication, problem solving, creative and critical thinking and team work. Arguably, these are essential components of enhancing learning. Indeed, technology can aid in their achievement among students. In this end, as Bednar and Sweeder (2005) note, â€Å"†¦technology can create websites, blogs, and multimedia presentations as part of students’ projects† (p.245). The created websites can be sources of research information. Through the websites, students get an opportunity to connect with the global student commun ity and collaborate. While doing inquiry-based projects, technological skills are acquired and purpose of education achieved much more precisely. Ways in which educational technologies may aid in improving learning Educational technologies have immensely enabled many teachers to stretch far beyond the text based and linear learning modes by helping them to engage students proactively to other means and ways of learning, which they are best suited. Consequently, while many nations, especially the developed world, ask whether they need to make use of more technology in their education systems, other nations ask how technology can serve to improve learning. Technology is one of the mechanisms that can improve learning. However, for it to be effective, it needs to reflect the manner in which people learn in the settings of education thereby helping in the realization of the educational interventions that are effective. It should posses elements of educational psychology and more importa ntly profile closely the organizational and school social psychology (Woolfolk, Winnie, Perry, 2008, p.86).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Can Educational technologies improve learning? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that educational technologies needs to be effective in improving education even to people who have special needs arising from their physical and mental disabilities. With the acclaimed capacity of educational technologies to improve learning, several areas where technology can play pivotal roles in enhancing learning are worth giving a glance. Educational technologies can enormously aid in fostering better learning through simulation models. For instance, although it is possible to depict how vibrations occur and how they cause sounds using a tuning fork, â€Å"it is harder to demonstrate what ideally evolution is and or how molecules can behave when subjected to differing conditions and situations† (Skinner, 1968, p.14). Furthermore, it would be enormously hard for a teacher to demonstrate the danger brought about by mixing of two specific chemical. However, amid these difficulties, with the educational technologies, such experiments can be accomplished both precisely and comprehensively in classroom settings with the help of digital simulations. In this regard Lipsitz and Reisner (2010) note, â€Å"digital simulations and models can help teachers explain concepts that are too big or too small, or processes that happen too quickly or too slowly to demonstrate in a physical classroom† (p.91). Indeed, technology exists for application in educational setting to help in fostering learning. This is exemplary and evident in technologies developed by a company called Concord Consortium. This company is a non-profit making firm whose mandate is to develop science, math and engineering educational technologies. Indeed, the company has developed software th at is open source to all teachers. Teachers can deploy the software to aid them in modeling of concepts. One of the most conspicuous successes of the company is development of molecular workbench software. This software helps science tutors to reproduce â€Å"topics such as chemical bonding, gas laws and even fluid mechanics† (Skinner, 1968, p.14) among others. The overall impact is that, although these topics may present abstract ideas especially to new students, visual simulations make their teaching much easier. Hence, teacher’s work becomes both effective and efficient in terms of delivery of the end goals. Research is also in the process to come up with software that can experiment evolution through making use of virtual green houses. Moreover, to make learning physics more effective, software have been developed that can aid student to adequately understand the physics behind efficiency of energy utilization through employment of model houses and also simulations of the manner in which matter interacts with the clouds of electrons. All these examples explain how technology can make education effective through creation of digital models and simulations. In the era of globalization, it is significant that students’ understands virtually everything that takes place across the globe. To achieve this, it is almost impossible to avoid adoption of concepts of global learning. However, global learning is impossible to embrace in case educational technologies are not incorporated in educational settings since they serve to enhance it. For instance, through information technology, sites such as Glovico.org are created.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, at Glovico.org, â€Å"students can set up language lessons with a native speaker who lives in another country and attend the lessons via video conferencing† (Monahan, 2005, p.109). This means that one does not have to be a native speaker of given language to learn certain cultural aspects of a given community living in any part of the globe. This is because technology has enabled language settings to be tantamount to setting a video conferencing communication system. In this regard, Mishra and Koehler (2006) lament, â€Å"learning from a native speaker, learning through social interaction, and being exposed to another culture’s perspective are all incredible educational advantages that were once only available to those who could foot a travel bill† (p.1017). Technology has come to reduce the need to travel to have such experiences. In this context, educational technologies can foster multiculturalism without necessary having to travel to acquire su ch experience (Monahan, 2005, p.197). However, possible counter augment is even though the technology may lead to better cultural learning, such learning may result to cultural stereotyping. However, in the quest to achieve cultural tolerance it is necessary for people to acquit themselves with other people’s cultural affiliations (Soni, 2004, p.215). Educational technologies can by far help in achievement of this noble goal and hence aid in making learning effective. Apart from technological models and simulations aiding teachers’ work to be effective, they also help in evaluation of the students understanding of the concepts taught to them. Consequently, â€Å"models and simulations, beyond being a powerful tool for teaching concepts, can also give teachers a much richer picture of how students understand them† (Mishra Koehler, 2006, p.1020). For instance, despite the fact students can amicably explain what chromosome are, it does not mean that they understan d them better. This means that even though one may be familiar with a given definition it does mean that one understands a given concept well. Therefore, in this regards, the traditional teaching models are ineffective. Thus, educational technologies can make such models effective. However, many would ask how. Concord Consortium is a good example of how to achieve this. The company developed software that enables students to understand the concepts of genetics through â€Å"breeding of dragon†. With the help of the software, teachers are able to give their students problems that closely compares to performance assessments. When a student is requested to develop a dragon, the teachers can follow what the students did to achieve the result. This way, the instructor is able to access whether the scholar used trial and error technique to arrive at the right answer and whether such knowledge is necessary or it can lead to the right solutions to genetic problems. Another critical a rea where educational technologies can aid in improving learning in educational settings is through E-books technology. Through this technology, students are able to access books quicker than accessing such books in the physical library. Furthermore, students do not have to travel from their residential areas to get books in the library shelves. Since the publication cost goes into raising the costs of textbooks, through E-book technology, the cost of books would significantly reduce. Hence, students would afford a wide variety of books from which to base their knowledge while still the authors of the books get their dues. Arguably, E-books hold unimaginably untapped potential in improving learning coupled with innovating education. However, even though many schools are cognizant of this potential, many have not embraced it. Conclusion Educational technologies can significantly aid in improving learning in educational settings. In the paper, this is possible through enabling teacher s to stretch far beyond the text-based and linear learning modes. Consequently, teachers can engage students proactively to other means and ways of learning in which they are best talented. The paper also discusses global learning, digital modeling and simulations, and E-book technology as some of the ways through which learning can be enhanced. In all these ways, the paper holds that technology is the main thing that makes them possible to realize educational settings. Reference List Bednar, R., Sweeder, J. (2005). Defining and applying idea technologies: A systematic, conceptual framework for teachers. Computers in the Schools, 22(4), 213-278. Jonassen, D. (1997). Instructional design models for well-structured and ill-structured problem-solving learning outcomes. Educational Technology Research Development, 45 (3), 65–94. Lipsitz, L., Reisner, T. (2010). The Computer and Education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology. Mishra, P., Koehler, J. (2006). Technologi cal pedagogical content tent knowledge: a framework for integrating technology in teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054. Monahan, T. (2005). Globalization, Technological Change, and Public Education. New York: Routledge. Richey, C. (2008). Reflections on the 2008 AECT Definitions of the Field. Technology Trends, 52(1), 24-25. Scherer, M. (2004). Connecting to Learn: Educational and Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Skinner, F. (1968). The technology of teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Soni, K. (2004). An Information Resource on Educational Technology for: Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET). New Delhi: Sarup Sons Publishers. Woolfolk, A., Winnie, P., Perry, N. (2008). Educational Psychology. Canada: Pearson publishers. This essay on Can Educational technologies improve learning? was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Argentinas Dirty War Research Paper Example

Argentinas Dirty War Research Paper Example Argentinas Dirty War Paper Argentinas Dirty War Paper At the Eleventh Conference of Latin American Armies, in October of 1975, Argentinas commander in chief of the military forces, Jorge Rafael Videla, pointed out to reporters inquiring about the fight against subversion: In order to guarantee the security of the state, all necessary people will die. When another journalist asked for clarification on the meaning of subversive, he replied, Anyone who opposes the Argentine way of life. 1 A few months following this declaration, on March 24, 1976, the military seized control of the nation; overthrowing the constitutional government, then lead by Isabel Peron. General Videla, Admiral Massera and Brigadier Agosti became the newest leaders in a sequence of military coups. Although this trio would go down in history as the bloodiest one of them all, a series of four more military juntas also followed. In 1981, General Viola, Army Chief of Staff, succeeded Videla upon the conclusion of his term. Although barely assuaging, Viola attempted to reopen conversations with the political parties which were still banned. The even more intransigent General Galtieri replaced him months later. Finally, in 1982, General Bignone was set up to manage the process of transitioning the government towards free elections. This evil period in Argentine history brought the word desaparecidos -the disappeared ones-into everyday parlance. As a terrifying foretaste of what was to come, renowned Peronist leader, Bernardo Alberte, was visited in the early hours of the seizure by a federal police unit. He was then thrown out of his sixth-story apartment building, while his family helplessly witnessed the entire torture. With this, one of many thousand deeds of horror, the new regime took hold of the nation. 2 It is estimated that during this period a total of 30,000 people were disappeared. The political unsteadiness of Isabel Perons administration had, amongst other things, established the grounds for the military coup. Outrageous inflation, murders and profound divisions within the political factions made this intervention appear unavoidable to practically everyone. A cautiously planned campaign by conservative groups of the media, with the support of Argentinean landowners, as well as the pressure of the international financial sector, fashioned an image of these rulers as honest men that would guard the countrys interests against the bloodshed that could occur if guerrilla organizations gained control. However, although the government by the army intended to provide a strong and unified front publicly, each one of them became notable for their internal power struggles, as well. Following the coup, the Constitution was replaced by, what is commonly known, as El Proceso (Statute for the Process of National Reorganization). This statute vested the military rulers with the capacity to exercise legislative, executive and judicial powers in their administration. Jointly, they now controlled trade unions, political groups and institutions of higher learning. Censorship was pervasive, habeas corpus was undermined and all constitutional guarantees were suspended indefinitely. Hence, ninety percent of the courts judges were substituted by new ones. The regime, in their self-portrayal of guardians of the Argentine values of tradition, family and property, deemed any disapproval of their rule as subversive behavior. Therefore, anyone and everyone suspicious of such attitudes would be eliminated, in the interest of protecting the welfare of the nation. As stated by Videla: The repression is against a minority which we do not consider Argentine. 3 The death penalty as a punishment for political crimes was incorporated to the string of new laws and decrees that not only amplified the power of the military, but also that of police officials. During a period of eight years, four different military regimes, took hold of all aspects of government, undertaking one of the most atrocious campaigns of despotism recognized in the Western Hemisphere. It would only be following the fiasco of the war for the Falkland Islands (known as the Malvinas Islands, to Argentineans) that democracy would be, finally, reinstated through the election of President Raul Alfonsin, in 1983. Context of The Dirty War Following World War II, Argentina was positioned eighth amongst the most affluent countries in the globe. Buenos Aires was a refined city, known to the rest of the world as the Paris of South America. As described by Marguerite Feitlowitz, its exceedingly European people were noted for being cultured, sophisticated and cosmopolitan. Up until the mid-seventies, Argentina had the highest literacy rate in all Latin America. In addition, because of the fertility of its expansive and fertile soil, it is one of the few nations in the world that shall never require the importation of food. Nevertheless, despite these achievements, this country has been socially, economically, politically self-destructive, as well. Politicians not only habitually consume their enemies, but also any restive allies too. An example of this was the fall of General Peron. General Juan Domingo Peron was a controversial leader that became president, for the first time in 1946. He was admired by the extreme left and extreme right alike. Peron was a strong supporter of the descamisados (shirtless ones) and organized labor. He was also a fan of Mussolini and Hitler, and a lure for progressive Jews who also provided asylum to thousands of Nazis. Peron became a strong adversary of the oligarchy by nationalizing services and industries and consequently keeping the employees in line with a combination of giveaways and the iron glove. 4 In 1955, the military toppled Perons government and the Peronist Party became outlawed. Juan Domingo Peron remained in political exile, in Spain, until1973, when he returned to be President for a second time in his career. The Montoneros was one of the primary guerrilla organizations to which the antisubversive campaign was originally directed. Although this particular group grew out of the much larger Peronist union movement, by 1976 Peronist leaders not only openly condemned the Montoneros, but also hired paramilitary assistance in order to combat and kill guerrillas. However, by the time the 1976 military regime came to power, the revolutionary groups in Argentina had been all but obliterated. Its is estimated that the total amount of insurgent force members was limited to only about two thousand, while only twenty percent of them were actually armed. On the other hand, the number of the armed forces was close to a quarter of a million people. Clearly, the so-called threat posed by left-wing insurgency was merely an excuse to take complete charge and impose the regime s own terror campaign. These new leaders set out to modify-through any means available-the political, economic, social and cultural makeup of Argentina and to establish themselves as the supreme and unchallenged rulers. 5 Political Culture: Recurring Phases of Gory Rule The history and political culture of this nation has, for long, been tainted by recurring cycles of bloody rule. Researchers date this modern military period back to the 1930s, when Jose Uriburus aggressive coup detat took place. This would become the first military intervention since 1854. From this point and until 1976 there were a total of nine civilian supported military seizures of the government, two other presidents selected by the armed forces, two blatantly rigged elections and also two terms of quasi-fascistic Peronism. 6 On average, each of these governments lasted slightly beyond two and a half years. Military control in Argentine politics not only stems from the weakness and inadequacy of civilian institutions, but also from the particular power of the armed forces within its culture. An irony in the history of this country is that not many officers took part in Jose Uriburus coup; however from that episode on the political culture of Argentina became highly militarized. Although the military forces have illustrated over and over how inadequate their governmental skills are, elected administrations have continuously sought the protection of their power. As summarized by French sociologist Alain Rouquie in his Pouvoir militaire et societe politique en Republique Argentine, No president-civilian or military-has managed to stay in office against the wishes of he men in uniform. Despite all of its cultural sophistication, the foundation of the Argentinean society is quite medieval. Fashioned after the Praetorian Guard, its conventional triad is comprised of the landowning oligarchy, the armed forces and the Catholic Church. Argentina has consistently showed uneasiness about the chaotic nature of democracy. On the other hand, the cool and heavy handed strength of the military provided them with the perception that government was less vulnerable to corruption. During the 1960s, high profiled newspapers-such as La Opinionsupported another series of coups. Because the military preferred an economy based on international capitalism, they were presumed to be more in sync with the interests of the upper and middle classes than the other factions which were after a statist economic policy with an emphasis in organized labor. In the 70s, a huge devaluation of the peso and rampant unemployment rates, exacerbated guerrilla conflict between ultra-right and ultra-left militia broke out. Violent behavior was widespread and everyone was in danger. In 1974, in the midst of such turmoil, Peron dies and control is taken over by his wife, Isabel. As a reaction to the intimidation of the left, the Peronist administration forms the Triple A (Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. This death squad was originally under the management of the Federal Police and later on under the control of the Minister of Social Welfare. In 1975, Isabel Perons administration officially declared that subversion had been eliminated all subversive elements. Argentina, though supposedly democratic, was for all intents and purposes, under siege. As mentioned earlier in this paper, the armed left had originated from the Peronist movement, although there were other factions, which had a Maoist cast. Naturally, the Che Guevara was highly regarded by them. Although the Montoneros was the largest of the opposing organizations, the Maoist-inflected Peoples Revolutionary Army (ERP) and Peoples Armed Force (FAP) were seriously active as well. The United States and the National Security Doctrine In 1959, Fidel Castros rise to power was a source of much concern to Latin American conservatives and moderates alike. A year later, Argentina implemented the Plan for Civil Insurrection Against the State (CONINTES). This plan was not only aimed at terrorists, but also anyone who identified with or assisted in concealing them. Therefore, lead by a senior officer, the country was split up into military zones. As was to be expected, Washington was not welcoming to Fidel Castro, since he was perceived as a possible weapon of the Soviet Union in the Cold War. The United States was resolute in its objective to keep South America on its side. In 1963, Defense Secretary Robert MacNamara, addressed the United States Congress by asserting that, Our best return on investment in military aid probably comes from the training of selected Army forces and key specialists in our military academies and training centers in the United States and abroad. These students are carefully selected by their countries so that they, in turn, become instructors when they go home. They are the leaders of the future I dont need to dwell on the value of having people in positions of power who have a first hand nowledge of how we think and act here in the United States. For us having these people as friends is invaluable 7 The National Security Doctrine became the political foundation of the military juntas. Since the rule of right-wing General Ongania, soldiers were being methodically trained regarding the threat posed by anyone who did not remain associated to the military and Christian values that protected the world against communism. As many ot hers, Ongania was considerably biased by the United States counterinsurgency courses and lectures that had promoted the doctrine all over South America. This National Security Doctrine was comprised of a sketchy set of concepts and its cohesive power restive in its definition of the enemy, as communism. 8 A remnant of the Cold War, it was created in order to guard the economic power of the United States in South America. United States trepidation about another Cuba drove their efforts to train Latin America against Marxism. This dogma held that a third world war was in peril between the free world and Communism. Commander of the Third Army Corps expanded on this further, by saying: On one side were the subversives that wanted to destroy the national state to convert it into a Communist state, a satellite in the red orbit, and on the other side, us, the legal forces, which by the authority of two decrees of the then constitutional power, participated in that struggle. The internal foe was more dangerous than those out of the country, however, because it endangered the basic Christian and Western ideals of the Argentinean society. The role of the armed forces was to protect Argentinas ideological purity. The government started to intercede in other nations internal matters and joined the Southern Cones military dictatorships in combating subversion. Eventually, this model was exported to other countries-such as Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras-where the Argentine actively trained soldiers on repressive techniques against insurgency, as well. In order to synchronize military activities in these nations, General Viola, proposed the doctrine of Seguridad Continental (National Security). This created a actual secretive system for the repression. Political refugees from Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay and Bolivia were warned that they would be deported, if they jeopardized, in any way, the national security of the country. Acknowledging the hazard the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) issued a global plea to assist in relocating the refugees elsewhere. According to the belief of the armed forces, the worldwide tactic of Communism now required that the state responded with a wide-reaching international approach. The predictability of a third world war systematically conditioned the minds of the officers and soldiers running the day-to-day operations. Thus, allowing them to justifiably exercise the gruesome methods of repression that were being requested of them from the juntas in power. In his personal account on his kidnapping and subsequent detention, Timerman, editior of La Opinion, discusses what he would overhear from the officers, at he detention center where he was kept: attendance to weekly courses given by the army on such war, was obligatory for the entire staff of torturers, interrogators, and kidnappers. The massage conveyed by this academy was simple: Communism needed To be stopped, and Nazi tactics and methods were the only effective tools For fighting the subversion Since Argentinas labor movement was the foundation of the Peronista Party, workers from the trade union was one the main targets of this campaign. Any demands for social or economic change coming from these groups, were interpreted as the inner workings of a communist scheme. Therefore, Finance Minister Martinez de Oz (who was also president of Acindar-one of three steel industriessubsidiary of U. S. Steel, member of ITT and Pan Am Airway board of Directors) instituted economic strategies that disenfranchised these particular employees. Oz voided progressive labor regulation, froze salaries and increased the wages of officers of the military. As a result, international investment sector was favored at the cost of the national industry. In the meantime, the large credit lines extended by foreign banks and the IMF (International Monetary Fund) supported the economy. However, this period known as plata dulce (sweet money) wouldnt last for long. As put by journalist I. Guest: Down came the barriers, up went the peso and in came the loans, again10 Influences in Counterinsurgency Instruction In 1951, the United States Defense Department established its Military Assistance Program, in accordance to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. The purpose of such program was to arm and coach South American armed forces. The Inter-American Defense College in Washington was a highly regarded center, in the U. S. , where the hand-picked candidates would be qualified in counterinsurgency techniques. Another infamous location, where eligible soldiers were rewarded with this unique training, was the United States Army School of the Americas (SOA). The SOA was, initially, established in 1946 in Panama Canal Zone and later on moved to the state of Georgia, in the United States. Here, fifty seven thousand Latin American soldiers were trained on blackmail, torture, bribery and murder. The courses were financed by the United States taxpayers money. Amongst the military men that were trained in this academy were Nicaraguan dictator Somoza, Panamanian drug trafficker Noriega and Argentinas General Galtieri. The academies manuals that surfaced in recent years advised that hypnosis and truth serum be utilized to induce interrogations. Additionally, it was also recommended that parents of political prisoners be arrested in order to encourage talk. The handbooks, which were translations from earlier American English versions, from the sixties, clearly violate todays United States policy. As far a military instruction is concerned, the United States was not the only resource of knowledge for the armed forces of Argentina. The French who had combated subversion in Algeria and Indochina also influenced the Argentine military curricula, as well. The Chief of Police of Buenos Aires between 1976-79, General Camps, was an admirer of the Frenchs take on repression, moreso than the American way. Camps, who believed that terror was a rite of passage and who proudly and openly, admitted his responsibility in over five thousand disappearances expanded on this point as follows: France and the United States were the great disseminators of antisubversive doctrine. They both. , but particularly the United States, organized centers to instruct in the fight against subversion. They sent advisors and teachers. They disturbed a huge amount of bibliography. Unfortunately,. All of that Ended in failure, although it was possible to analyze why they hadnt triumphed There was a basic difference: they were fighting outside their own territory, In countries of different race, a different language, different customs. That Situation is totally distinct from the situation in our Latin American countries. It is important to clarify that the French optic was more correct than The North American; the former had a global concept; the latter were all but Exclusively military. All that was fine until we reached adulthood and Applied our own doctrine which enabled us to triumph against subversion. 11 In the fifties, a military operation from France arrived at the Escuela Superior de Guerra in Buenos Aires (National War College), in order to teach courses in Revolutionary War-also known as Anti-Communist Warfare and Anti-subversive Warfare. During the 1950s and 1960s, articles written by French officers, were published in the schools journals. 12 During the 1970s the Argentine students, published new works that built on the earlier French principles of torture. Many Argentine researchers have acknowledged the influence of this particular mission in the shaping and of Argentinean military tactics and strategy. Clearly, the exchange of ideology at this College was of significant importance as it afforded the Argentine armed forces, yet added rationalization in their application of torture during their operations in the Dirty War.

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Total Quality Management - Essay Example Japanese remember him as their hero and the father of their post world war revolution. In fact, much of the industrial boom that Japanese manufacturers witnessed after the Second World War was due to the application of the concepts taught by Sir William Edwards Deming. The Japanese industrial leaders invited Deming to their country and in less than four years, the impact was visible. In the next couple of decades, Japanese products were everywhere in the American markets (Neave, pp. 219-222, 1990). These products were better in terms of quality and much cheaper as compared to their American substitutes. Despite the fact that he remained in the headlines in Japan but in his country of origin, the man was running a slow consultancy business. Managers and CEOs were skeptical of his ideas since they were staunch followers of Taylorism. However, in 1980, NBC made a documentary with the title of â€Å"If Japan can†¦why can’t we?† It became almost impossible for the busin ess world to avoid him anymore. From 1981 to 1993, he gave more than 250 four-day seminars where he explained. When he died at the age of 93, his ideas were still far from gaining the publicity and respect that he deserves. Even today, his ideas are gaining prominence and they remain the basis of many researches, studies, and theories. (Bauer, Duffy & Westcott, pp. 85-89, 2006). This paper is an attempt to explore the ideas of W. E. Deming regarding quality management. The paper would then apply those ideas to a company for their better understanding and application. In the last part, the paper would attempt to present a critical analysis of Deming’s theories in light of the recent developments in the field of quality management. Discussion Deming’s approach to Quality Management Much of Deming’s teachings can be summarized with his classical fourteen points from his book, Quality, Productivity, and Competitive Position, which was renamed Out of the Crisis in 19 86. Deming never used the term â€Å"total quality management† within his fourteen points, however, observers and experts agree that with his fourteen points, a new era began in the field of management, which is now known as Total Quality Management. Interestingly, Deming did not put great emphasis on quality but his central focus was on management and management styles. Following are Deming’s fourteen points: 1. â€Å"Create constancy of purpose towards improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive, stay in business, and to provide jobs. 2. Adopt the new philosophy. We are in a new economic age. Western management must awaken to the challenge, must learn their responsibilities, and take on leadership for change. 3. Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basis by creating quality into the product in the first place. 4. End the practice of awarding business based on price tag. Instead, min imize total cost. Move towards a single supplier for any one item, on a long-term relationship of loyalty and trust. 5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs. 6. Institute training on the job. 7. Institute leadership. The aim of leadership should be to help people, machines, and gadgets to do a better job. Leadership of management is in need of overhaul, as well as leadership of production workers. 8. Drive out fear so that everyone may work effectively for the company. 9. Break down barriers between departments. People in research, design, sales, and production must work as a team, to foresee problems of production and in use that may be encountered with the product or service. 10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force that ask for zero defects and new levels of productivity. 11. Eliminate work standards (quotas) on the factory floor. Substitute

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Nursing - Research Paper Example The literature on oral care hygiene protocols encompasses techniques such as tooth brushing and use of chlorhexidine rinse (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015). As argued by Green (2014), a methodology that involves two case studies is used in qualitative research to determine the research questions that guide discussions and interviews concentrating on the research. The aim of this proposed research is to find out the most effective intervention to reduce ventilator associated pneumonia in adult ICU patients applying the oral care hygiene protocols. The theoretical framework is utilized in this research to come up with the following questions that are used to direct the deliberations and interviews that are centered on the study. The questions state what is the most effective intervention to reduce ventilator associated pneumonia in adult ICU patients? Performing oral care (use of toothbrush)? Or the use of an antiseptic agent (chlorhexidine)? In the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia, other theories that exist include the application of a ventilator bundle care. Ventilator bundle care stops bacterial translocation and aspiration to the lower respiratory tract in ICU adults undergoing mechanical ventilation (Broaddus et al., 2015). The common theme between application of oral care hygiene protocols and ventilator bundle care is that they both prevent or reduce the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Tooth brushing technique used in a patient undergoing mechanical ventilation three times a day has been shown to be operative in the prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia. In addition, the use of 0.12% solution chlorhexidine oral swab twice daily is assumed to have a significant change on the reduction of ventilator associated pneumonia. The oral care hygiene is critical

The Problems Facing Third World Countries Politics Essay

The Problems Facing Third World Countries Politics Essay Economist Alfred Sauvy in an article in the French magazine L Observateur (August 14, 1952) comprehended the expression Third World. It was a premeditated excerpt to the Third Estate of the French Revolution. This phrase earned universal recognition during the Cold War where many poorer nations remained neutral and convene together to form a non-aligned third world bloc. During the Cold War USA and its allies were considered as the First World countries while the East was considered as Second World countries. However, the term Second World has never gained any recognition. Egypt, India and Yugoslavia were the original members of the third world countries. Today, Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America are considered as Third World as most of the countries belonging to these continents are underdeveloped. Underdeveloped in the sense that they are still struggling to get rid of the issues related to poverty, water and sanitation, population growth, low per capita income, and unemployment leading to unrest and less industrialization. This unjustified distribution of resources has divided the world into have and have not countries. In general terms, they are identified as Developed and Developing Countries. Developed countries are well-equipped with resources and are progressing to advancement while the developing countries are under severe stress due to the above factors. All such countries known as Third World Countries face the same problems of stigmatization by the developed countries First world Countries. The underdevelopment of the Third World Countries is marked by a number of common traits; distorted and highly dependent economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world and to provide markets for their finished goods; traditional, rural social structures; high population growth; and widespread poverty. Nevertheless, the Third World is sharply differentiated, for it includes countries on various levels of economic development. And despite the poverty of the countryside and the urban shantytowns, the ruling elites of most Third World Countries are wealthy. One of the major problems of Third World Countries is water. Since the advent of humankind, civilizations fought for water for their survival whether through democratic processes or military escalation. It has been said that the future wars will be fought in a struggle to control the water resources where third world countries will be hardly hit (Agence France Presse, 2001). Availability of drinking water and its accessibility for other uses lead to conflicts within the nations and ethnic groups. For instance, Indo-Pak political confrontation can be viewed from a different angle, which is the distribution of water through rivers. Though both the countries are following the Indus Water Treaty, very often there is a conflict over river water distribution and dams construction. A solution by the governments of these nations, be it through policy formulation or other mechanical means may help plough their ways to economic growth. Poverty is another major problem facing Third World Countries. It has various serious consequences on human lives. With the rising rates of poverty, many of the local citizens face problems of famine and lack of lodging. An obvious example would be India. Poverty comes with lack of hygiene and this favors the proliferation of various harmful bacteria which results in the development of diseases such as cholera, malaria, etc. People either do not have enough facilities or these facilities are too expensive to overcome such diseases. Overpopulation most of the third world countries are facing difficulties in adjusting their population explosion within their boundaries, resulting in migration of people from their home countries to the developing or developed nations. The biggest example is Bangladesh and India from where people migrate to the Middle East or even China, which is already highly populated. Due to over-population and relatively limited resources, China has a One child rule where a couple can only bear a single child. If the economy of a nation cannot sustain its population, it is definitely bound to fail. With the increase in population, there arise complimentary problems such as the need for better housing, antagonism for social infrastructure, a bombarded national budget and the prevalent problem of unemployment. Having said this, there is a need for population regulation so as to create a better environment for economic growth. Another problem in the recent times is Globalization that upholds that everyone must benefit from modern transformation (Phil Marfleet, 1998). Emerging technology is doing more harm than good to Third World Countries. First World Countries use highly updated technology for example to manufacture clothing, food and other items; they no longer use the cheap labor from third world countries, which in turn leads to unemployment and poverty. Again, the third world countries being the struggling economies are unable to reap the benefits as they are already encircled within their basic problems. Furthermore, the gap between the first world countries and the third world states continues to widen in all aspects. Poor nations are becoming even poorer in contrast to rich nations which are getting richer than ever. It is important that G8 nations should derive some solution to the problems of third worlds migrating labor class rather than implementing more and more technology based industrial un its. An even more threatening plight to the development of Third World Countries is terrorism. Terrorism is the use of violence against civilians by sub-national groups for political purposes. A sense of perceived injustice and the belief that violence will effectively redress it is the ideal breeding growth of terrorism. It has occurred throughout history but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. The whole world is getting familiar with Arab and Muslim names. Terrorism therefore is designed to have psychological effects that reach farther beyond the impact on the immediate victims of an attack. The growing terrorist population is becoming more and more dangerous, with new organizations forming out of nothing. Politicians make terrorism a blame game and throw mud on each other. Also, the terrorist groups have the power to bribe or corrupt the public officials that aim to shut them down. Ending terrorist threats requires imaginative and fluid thinking, whether to att ack the roots of terrorism or neutralize a particular group. Education is the most neglected area in a countrys economic policies. Third World Countries lag behind since they may either have insufficient funds devoted to literary growth or these funds are wasted wrongfully. A big part of the population is illiterate due to wrong planning. Under such circumstances these countries have failed to excel in Science and Technology. In addition, there is intellectual ignorance from the government as they deliberately ignore the issue of education. Any stable economy must drink from the brook of literacy without which a nation would be intellectually malnourished. Debts have crippled many developing countries. Often based on loans taken out by prior rulers and dictators (many of which various Western nations put into power to suit their interests), millions face poorer and poorer living standards as precious resources are diverted to debt repayment. In this regard, the question of transparency and corruption being evident In Third World Countries emerge. Many third world countries especially in Africa have been sited as having some of the most corrupted government officials in the world. These dictators squander money meant for development as they appeal for more donations from the developed nations. This has led to sanctioning of several Heads of States from getting into some European nations due to their corruption records. As if this is not enough, some Heads of States have clung to power forcefully and by so doing, they drive their economies to the ground. For example Zimbabwe faces the highest rate of inflation where its currency has totally lots its international value. Dictatorship and corruption are greatly accredited to the slow growth in the economy of the developing nations. Foreign aid, and indeed all the efforts of existing institutions and structures, have failed to solve the problem of underdevelopment. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) held in New Delhi in 1971 suggested that one percent of the national income of industrialized countries should be devoted to aiding the third world. That figure has never been reached, or even approximated. In 1972 the Santiago (Chile) UNCTAD set a goal of a 6 percent economic growth rate in the 1970s for the underdeveloped countries. But this, too, was not achieved. The living conditions endured by the overwhelming majority of the 3 billion people who inhabit the poor countries have either not noticeably changed since 1972 or have actually deteriorated. In conclusion, we have to identify these factors that are contributing to the slow growth of the developing nations and try to bring a revolutionary approach towards them. These issues are however complicated by the stereotypes of what third world and first world countries are like. People in the first world, for example, often describe third world countries as underdeveloped, overpopulated, and oppressed. Third world people are sometimes portrayed as uneducated, helpless, or backwards. Modern scholarship has taken steps to make academic discourse more conscious of the differences not only between the first world and the third world, but also among the countries and people of each category. Let there be a universal change in ideologies that may enhance a growth in the economies of the third world countries hence put an end to the global stratification..

Research on the Impact of Economic Growth: Case Study of Malaysia

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE POLICIES SHAPE THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA Public Expenditure/Public Spending can be defined as any expenses made by government particularly to improve certain areas and discipline. For instance, improving public goods and services, welfare and well-being of the people, government defense forces and civil servants, maintaining our economic stability, reducing inequality of income and reallocation of resources. Bose,Haque,Osborn (2003) where I do believe in their arguments that public expenditure made by the government will surely shape the economic growth of the country.It can be seen in the policies made by Tun Razak which initiated in 1970 known as NEP or New Economic Policy that have bring the country to be one of developing country that is progressive in their economic activities. Problem statement This research will identified whether the public expenditure introduced by the government really put into action and produce outcome from it to boost our economi c growth. It is important to see not only in the economic side directly but also to see at different variables that could contribute to the economic as a whole. ObjectivesTo see the impact from public expenditure policies towards Malaysia economic growth To identify public expenditure variables particularly education that helps in economic growth. Research Methodology This research focusing more on the secondary data which involve past research from other researchers, documents, reports made by government sectors such as Economic Transformation Program (ETP) Annual Report 2011 under Performance and Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU), Department of statistic. Government Intervention Government Intervention Conceptual Framework Intervening VariablesPublic Expenditure Policies Public Expenditure Policies Economic Growth Economic Growth Sectorial Level: Education Sectorial Level: Education Dependent Variables Independent Variables Figure 1 Independent Variables in this research cons ist of two variables; Public Expenditure Policies whereby the research focusing on the Economic Transformation Program (ETP) under the New Economic Model to determine whether there is a significant effect towards the Economic Growth. While in sectorial level, the research focuses on education sector to identify the contribution towards Malaysia Economic growth.Government intervening in this research explains the independent variable which is Public Expenditure Policies will succeed when the government intervened in the process in order to improve our economic growth. Findings. Impact from Public Expenditure Policies towards Malaysia Economic Growth It is quite difficult to see theoretical framework on how private sector can contribute to economic growth (Diamond,1989) where this research found out that Malaysia have boost their economic growth by tackling the private sector where market failure occurred.ETP is one of the policies made by the government where government intervened in order to improve the private sector as whole where 92% outcome will produce by the private sector according to ETP Annual Report 2011. The government initiatives come into a successful result where it achieve most of the National Key Result Areas which the indicator to ensure the economic condition to be in the right track. According to Department of Statistic, Private Investments amounted to rm94 billion was the highest in five years period (between 2007 and 2011) hich surpassing the target of rm83bil. Our Gross National Income (GNI) exceed the target value of rm797 billion where it achieve rm830 billion or 104% achievement. â€Å"Most of the conclusions drawn recently regarding the growth effects of public spending are based either on the experiences of a set of developed countries or on the basis of large samples consisting of a mixture of developed and developing countries. † Bose,Haque,Osborn (2003).The statement were proved based on the ETP initiated by Government basi cally the foundation of the National Key Results Areas (NKEA) made from various research on identifying the areas that can be developed in Malaysia by looking at developed countries. In order to make sure everything succeed by boost up our economic growth, Government need to do spending whereby rm1. 4 trillion in investment to generate a GNI of rm1. 7 trillion. Public Expenditure Variables particularly Education that helps in Economic Growth.Education sector can be related to our economic growth by seeing on the setup of education center in Malaysia. In order to boost our economic growth into its target, it is important to determine that Malaysia need to have knowledge worker that have skilled workforce for a big result fast outcome. It will help in terms of productivity and at the same time efficient production can be materialized. Under the Education NKEA, Malaysia aims to be a regional hub in the global education network with the success of the creation of [email  protected] wh ere eight world-class university and colleges with investment up to rm581. million. Apart from that, there are four discipline cluster have been developed in 2011 according to ETP Annual Report 2011 where Government focus in the areas of Hospitality and Tourism, Islamic Finance and Business, Health Sciences and Advanced Engineering, and Science and Innovation. It is important since the areas had been identified as crucial areas that need local skilled workforce or knowledge worker that will help us to reduce hiring experts from other countries. ConclusionFrom the research, both objectives have positively correlation towards shaping the economic growth in Malaysia. This only can be possible by looking at how the government spend and know which one to prioritize so that it can be use efficiently. Malaysia moving forward to be a high income nation by 2020, the research found that by looking at the policies made by the government such as Government Transformation Program ensure that Mal aysia is moving forward and already at the right track. Works Cited (PEMANDU), P. a. (2011).Economic Transformation Programme Annual Reprot 2011. Kuala Lumpur: Minister in Prime Minister Department. ASCHAUER, D. A. (1989). IS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PRODUCTIVE? *. Journal of Monetary Economics 23. Ibrahim, M. H. (2000). PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CAPITAL FORMATION . ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA, 1961-1995. Niloy Bose, M. E. (2003). A Disaggregated Analysis for Developing Countries. Public Expenditure and Economic Growth, 2-6. Shnatayanan Devarajan, V. S. -F. (1996). The Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics 37 .

Banksy

Who is Banksy? That is what everybody has been asking each other for the last couple of years. Although he is quite famous nobody knows much about him. All we know is his real name might be Robert Banks or Robin Gunningham and he was born in Bristol, but what we do know Banksy is an anonymous England based graffiti artist, film director and painter. He is known for his sarcastic street art and subversive fun combine cheekiness with dark humor with graffiti done in a distinctive stenciling technique. Such artistic works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world. Banksy's work was born out of the Bristol underground scene which involved teamwork between artists and musicians. According to wall and piece book, banksy was born in 1974 and raised in Bristol, England. The son of a photocopier technician, he trained as a butcher but became involved in graffiti during the great Bristol aerosol boom of the late 1980s. People have different perceptions on what art should be. People often use art as a tool, which helps people express there point of view on life and art has different categories that range from looking at a tree in the bush in depth to a famous piece of painting in the museum or Art gallery. Banksy defines art as something that should be looked at in depth so the person that is looking at the art should look at it longer and in more detail. In the book Wall and Piece book by Banksy artist quotes he is quoted interpreting art as â€Å"The holy grail is to spend less time making the picture than it takes people to look at it. Banksy thinks Art is an amazing way for individuals to express themselves, and people always link it to controversy. Art can be for a person’s individual desire, motivation, or hobby, but it can also be a political message or inspiration for an entire world. A lot of famous artist use there own techniques, styles, and structures in order to implement there ideas into a form of art. An secretive artist from England by the name of Banksy is famous through his notorious and unique forms of art, usually graffiti art, and has inspired many people around the world. They call his work Monkey Parliament is incredible because it is addressing many political issues and creates a different perspective of the world. Although many people have diverse definitions of art, several believe that controversial art is brilliant due to the fact that it portrays symbols that often cannot be expressed in words and exposes a message that can inspire an individual or an entire world in many ways. Is Banksy's work art or vandalism? define:vandalism The willful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or person having control. define:art uman endeavor thought to be aesthetic and have meaning beyond simple description. Includes music, dance, sculpture, painting, drawing, stitchery, weaving, poetry, writing, woodworking, etc. A medium of expression where the individual and culture come together. Based on these two definitions Bansky's work is both art and vandalism. The problem with street art as I see it is that those who mainly consider it vandalism doesn't recognize it as art whereas those who mainly think of it as art more often can recognize it as vandalism as well. I think Banksy does some good for this problem since his pieces often are so thought provoking and technically good. How does Banksy make money while keeping his identity hidden? Banksy has friends that ARE willing to keep his identity secret, they find art dealers that are also willing to trust that the banksy art is the real deal. money to the dealer, from the dealer to the friend. There is no real definition for what is beautiful or appealing to the human eye. Banksy is said to be an artist by some and a graffiti lawbreaker by others. Basically, it is up to the person to define Banksy as someone who is doing the right thing verses doing the wrong thing. Banksy creates his graffiti pictures to make a stand for what he believes is the right way to look at controversial issues. Some people may not like Banksy’s graffiti because they do not have the same views as him. Some people might not like it because graffiti is vandalism and they see no art in vandalism. People who dislike his stencil graffiti art consider Banksy a lawbreaker. I personally believe that Banksy is a unique artist that will make a statement with his art, all the while