The Problems Facing Third World Countries Politics Essay

The Problems Facing Third World Countries Politics Essay Economist Alfred Sauvy in an article in the French magazine L Observateur (August 14, 1952) comprehended the expression Third World. It was a premeditated excerpt to the Third Estate of the French Revolution. This phrase earned universal recognition during the Cold War where many poorer nations remained neutral and convene together to form a non-aligned third world bloc. During the Cold War USA and its allies were considered as the First World countries while the East was considered as Second World countries. However, the term Second World has never gained any recognition. Egypt, India and Yugoslavia were the original members of the third world countries. Today, Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America are considered as Third World as most of the countries belonging to these continents are underdeveloped. Underdeveloped in the sense that they are still struggling to get rid of the issues related to poverty, water and sanitation, population growth, low per capita income, and unemployment leading to unrest and less industrialization. This unjustified distribution of resources has divided the world into have and have not countries. In general terms, they are identified as Developed and Developing Countries. Developed countries are well-equipped with resources and are progressing to advancement while the developing countries are under severe stress due to the above factors. All such countries known as Third World Countries face the same problems of stigmatization by the developed countries First world Countries. The underdevelopment of the Third World Countries is marked by a number of common traits; distorted and highly dependent economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world and to provide markets for their finished goods; traditional, rural social structures; high population growth; and widespread poverty. Nevertheless, the Third World is sharply differentiated, for it includes countries on various levels of economic development. And despite the poverty of the countryside and the urban shantytowns, the ruling elites of most Third World Countries are wealthy. One of the major problems of Third World Countries is water. Since the advent of humankind, civilizations fought for water for their survival whether through democratic processes or military escalation. It has been said that the future wars will be fought in a struggle to control the water resources where third world countries will be hardly hit (Agence France Presse, 2001). Availability of drinking water and its accessibility for other uses lead to conflicts within the nations and ethnic groups. For instance, Indo-Pak political confrontation can be viewed from a different angle, which is the distribution of water through rivers. Though both the countries are following the Indus Water Treaty, very often there is a conflict over river water distribution and dams construction. A solution by the governments of these nations, be it through policy formulation or other mechanical means may help plough their ways to economic growth. Poverty is another major problem facing Third World Countries. It has various serious consequences on human lives. With the rising rates of poverty, many of the local citizens face problems of famine and lack of lodging. An obvious example would be India. Poverty comes with lack of hygiene and this favors the proliferation of various harmful bacteria which results in the development of diseases such as cholera, malaria, etc. People either do not have enough facilities or these facilities are too expensive to overcome such diseases. Overpopulation most of the third world countries are facing difficulties in adjusting their population explosion within their boundaries, resulting in migration of people from their home countries to the developing or developed nations. The biggest example is Bangladesh and India from where people migrate to the Middle East or even China, which is already highly populated. Due to over-population and relatively limited resources, China has a One child rule where a couple can only bear a single child. If the economy of a nation cannot sustain its population, it is definitely bound to fail. With the increase in population, there arise complimentary problems such as the need for better housing, antagonism for social infrastructure, a bombarded national budget and the prevalent problem of unemployment. Having said this, there is a need for population regulation so as to create a better environment for economic growth. Another problem in the recent times is Globalization that upholds that everyone must benefit from modern transformation (Phil Marfleet, 1998). Emerging technology is doing more harm than good to Third World Countries. First World Countries use highly updated technology for example to manufacture clothing, food and other items; they no longer use the cheap labor from third world countries, which in turn leads to unemployment and poverty. Again, the third world countries being the struggling economies are unable to reap the benefits as they are already encircled within their basic problems. Furthermore, the gap between the first world countries and the third world states continues to widen in all aspects. Poor nations are becoming even poorer in contrast to rich nations which are getting richer than ever. It is important that G8 nations should derive some solution to the problems of third worlds migrating labor class rather than implementing more and more technology based industrial un its. An even more threatening plight to the development of Third World Countries is terrorism. Terrorism is the use of violence against civilians by sub-national groups for political purposes. A sense of perceived injustice and the belief that violence will effectively redress it is the ideal breeding growth of terrorism. It has occurred throughout history but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. The whole world is getting familiar with Arab and Muslim names. Terrorism therefore is designed to have psychological effects that reach farther beyond the impact on the immediate victims of an attack. The growing terrorist population is becoming more and more dangerous, with new organizations forming out of nothing. Politicians make terrorism a blame game and throw mud on each other. Also, the terrorist groups have the power to bribe or corrupt the public officials that aim to shut them down. Ending terrorist threats requires imaginative and fluid thinking, whether to att ack the roots of terrorism or neutralize a particular group. Education is the most neglected area in a countrys economic policies. Third World Countries lag behind since they may either have insufficient funds devoted to literary growth or these funds are wasted wrongfully. A big part of the population is illiterate due to wrong planning. Under such circumstances these countries have failed to excel in Science and Technology. In addition, there is intellectual ignorance from the government as they deliberately ignore the issue of education. Any stable economy must drink from the brook of literacy without which a nation would be intellectually malnourished. Debts have crippled many developing countries. Often based on loans taken out by prior rulers and dictators (many of which various Western nations put into power to suit their interests), millions face poorer and poorer living standards as precious resources are diverted to debt repayment. In this regard, the question of transparency and corruption being evident In Third World Countries emerge. Many third world countries especially in Africa have been sited as having some of the most corrupted government officials in the world. These dictators squander money meant for development as they appeal for more donations from the developed nations. This has led to sanctioning of several Heads of States from getting into some European nations due to their corruption records. As if this is not enough, some Heads of States have clung to power forcefully and by so doing, they drive their economies to the ground. For example Zimbabwe faces the highest rate of inflation where its currency has totally lots its international value. Dictatorship and corruption are greatly accredited to the slow growth in the economy of the developing nations. Foreign aid, and indeed all the efforts of existing institutions and structures, have failed to solve the problem of underdevelopment. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) held in New Delhi in 1971 suggested that one percent of the national income of industrialized countries should be devoted to aiding the third world. That figure has never been reached, or even approximated. In 1972 the Santiago (Chile) UNCTAD set a goal of a 6 percent economic growth rate in the 1970s for the underdeveloped countries. But this, too, was not achieved. The living conditions endured by the overwhelming majority of the 3 billion people who inhabit the poor countries have either not noticeably changed since 1972 or have actually deteriorated. In conclusion, we have to identify these factors that are contributing to the slow growth of the developing nations and try to bring a revolutionary approach towards them. These issues are however complicated by the stereotypes of what third world and first world countries are like. People in the first world, for example, often describe third world countries as underdeveloped, overpopulated, and oppressed. Third world people are sometimes portrayed as uneducated, helpless, or backwards. Modern scholarship has taken steps to make academic discourse more conscious of the differences not only between the first world and the third world, but also among the countries and people of each category. Let there be a universal change in ideologies that may enhance a growth in the economies of the third world countries hence put an end to the global stratification..

Research on the Impact of Economic Growth: Case Study of Malaysia

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE POLICIES SHAPE THE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA Public Expenditure/Public Spending can be defined as any expenses made by government particularly to improve certain areas and discipline. For instance, improving public goods and services, welfare and well-being of the people, government defense forces and civil servants, maintaining our economic stability, reducing inequality of income and reallocation of resources. Bose,Haque,Osborn (2003) where I do believe in their arguments that public expenditure made by the government will surely shape the economic growth of the country.It can be seen in the policies made by Tun Razak which initiated in 1970 known as NEP or New Economic Policy that have bring the country to be one of developing country that is progressive in their economic activities. Problem statement This research will identified whether the public expenditure introduced by the government really put into action and produce outcome from it to boost our economi c growth. It is important to see not only in the economic side directly but also to see at different variables that could contribute to the economic as a whole. ObjectivesTo see the impact from public expenditure policies towards Malaysia economic growth To identify public expenditure variables particularly education that helps in economic growth. Research Methodology This research focusing more on the secondary data which involve past research from other researchers, documents, reports made by government sectors such as Economic Transformation Program (ETP) Annual Report 2011 under Performance and Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU), Department of statistic. Government Intervention Government Intervention Conceptual Framework Intervening VariablesPublic Expenditure Policies Public Expenditure Policies Economic Growth Economic Growth Sectorial Level: Education Sectorial Level: Education Dependent Variables Independent Variables Figure 1 Independent Variables in this research cons ist of two variables; Public Expenditure Policies whereby the research focusing on the Economic Transformation Program (ETP) under the New Economic Model to determine whether there is a significant effect towards the Economic Growth. While in sectorial level, the research focuses on education sector to identify the contribution towards Malaysia Economic growth.Government intervening in this research explains the independent variable which is Public Expenditure Policies will succeed when the government intervened in the process in order to improve our economic growth. Findings. Impact from Public Expenditure Policies towards Malaysia Economic Growth It is quite difficult to see theoretical framework on how private sector can contribute to economic growth (Diamond,1989) where this research found out that Malaysia have boost their economic growth by tackling the private sector where market failure occurred.ETP is one of the policies made by the government where government intervened in order to improve the private sector as whole where 92% outcome will produce by the private sector according to ETP Annual Report 2011. The government initiatives come into a successful result where it achieve most of the National Key Result Areas which the indicator to ensure the economic condition to be in the right track. According to Department of Statistic, Private Investments amounted to rm94 billion was the highest in five years period (between 2007 and 2011) hich surpassing the target of rm83bil. Our Gross National Income (GNI) exceed the target value of rm797 billion where it achieve rm830 billion or 104% achievement. â€Å"Most of the conclusions drawn recently regarding the growth effects of public spending are based either on the experiences of a set of developed countries or on the basis of large samples consisting of a mixture of developed and developing countries. † Bose,Haque,Osborn (2003).The statement were proved based on the ETP initiated by Government basi cally the foundation of the National Key Results Areas (NKEA) made from various research on identifying the areas that can be developed in Malaysia by looking at developed countries. In order to make sure everything succeed by boost up our economic growth, Government need to do spending whereby rm1. 4 trillion in investment to generate a GNI of rm1. 7 trillion. Public Expenditure Variables particularly Education that helps in Economic Growth.Education sector can be related to our economic growth by seeing on the setup of education center in Malaysia. In order to boost our economic growth into its target, it is important to determine that Malaysia need to have knowledge worker that have skilled workforce for a big result fast outcome. It will help in terms of productivity and at the same time efficient production can be materialized. Under the Education NKEA, Malaysia aims to be a regional hub in the global education network with the success of the creation of [email  protected] wh ere eight world-class university and colleges with investment up to rm581. million. Apart from that, there are four discipline cluster have been developed in 2011 according to ETP Annual Report 2011 where Government focus in the areas of Hospitality and Tourism, Islamic Finance and Business, Health Sciences and Advanced Engineering, and Science and Innovation. It is important since the areas had been identified as crucial areas that need local skilled workforce or knowledge worker that will help us to reduce hiring experts from other countries. ConclusionFrom the research, both objectives have positively correlation towards shaping the economic growth in Malaysia. This only can be possible by looking at how the government spend and know which one to prioritize so that it can be use efficiently. Malaysia moving forward to be a high income nation by 2020, the research found that by looking at the policies made by the government such as Government Transformation Program ensure that Mal aysia is moving forward and already at the right track. Works Cited (PEMANDU), P. a. (2011).Economic Transformation Programme Annual Reprot 2011. Kuala Lumpur: Minister in Prime Minister Department. ASCHAUER, D. A. (1989). IS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PRODUCTIVE? *. Journal of Monetary Economics 23. Ibrahim, M. H. (2000). PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CAPITAL FORMATION . ECONOMIC GROWTH IN MALAYSIA, 1961-1995. Niloy Bose, M. E. (2003). A Disaggregated Analysis for Developing Countries. Public Expenditure and Economic Growth, 2-6. Shnatayanan Devarajan, V. S. -F. (1996). The Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics 37 .

Banksy

Who is Banksy? That is what everybody has been asking each other for the last couple of years. Although he is quite famous nobody knows much about him. All we know is his real name might be Robert Banks or Robin Gunningham and he was born in Bristol, but what we do know Banksy is an anonymous England based graffiti artist, film director and painter. He is known for his sarcastic street art and subversive fun combine cheekiness with dark humor with graffiti done in a distinctive stenciling technique. Such artistic works of political and social commentary have been featured on streets, walls, and bridges of cities throughout the world. Banksy's work was born out of the Bristol underground scene which involved teamwork between artists and musicians. According to wall and piece book, banksy was born in 1974 and raised in Bristol, England. The son of a photocopier technician, he trained as a butcher but became involved in graffiti during the great Bristol aerosol boom of the late 1980s. People have different perceptions on what art should be. People often use art as a tool, which helps people express there point of view on life and art has different categories that range from looking at a tree in the bush in depth to a famous piece of painting in the museum or Art gallery. Banksy defines art as something that should be looked at in depth so the person that is looking at the art should look at it longer and in more detail. In the book Wall and Piece book by Banksy artist quotes he is quoted interpreting art as â€Å"The holy grail is to spend less time making the picture than it takes people to look at it. Banksy thinks Art is an amazing way for individuals to express themselves, and people always link it to controversy. Art can be for a person’s individual desire, motivation, or hobby, but it can also be a political message or inspiration for an entire world. A lot of famous artist use there own techniques, styles, and structures in order to implement there ideas into a form of art. An secretive artist from England by the name of Banksy is famous through his notorious and unique forms of art, usually graffiti art, and has inspired many people around the world. They call his work Monkey Parliament is incredible because it is addressing many political issues and creates a different perspective of the world. Although many people have diverse definitions of art, several believe that controversial art is brilliant due to the fact that it portrays symbols that often cannot be expressed in words and exposes a message that can inspire an individual or an entire world in many ways. Is Banksy's work art or vandalism? define:vandalism The willful or malicious destruction, injury, disfigurement, or defacement of any public or private property, real or personal, without consent of the owner or person having control. define:art uman endeavor thought to be aesthetic and have meaning beyond simple description. Includes music, dance, sculpture, painting, drawing, stitchery, weaving, poetry, writing, woodworking, etc. A medium of expression where the individual and culture come together. Based on these two definitions Bansky's work is both art and vandalism. The problem with street art as I see it is that those who mainly consider it vandalism doesn't recognize it as art whereas those who mainly think of it as art more often can recognize it as vandalism as well. I think Banksy does some good for this problem since his pieces often are so thought provoking and technically good. How does Banksy make money while keeping his identity hidden? Banksy has friends that ARE willing to keep his identity secret, they find art dealers that are also willing to trust that the banksy art is the real deal. money to the dealer, from the dealer to the friend. There is no real definition for what is beautiful or appealing to the human eye. Banksy is said to be an artist by some and a graffiti lawbreaker by others. Basically, it is up to the person to define Banksy as someone who is doing the right thing verses doing the wrong thing. Banksy creates his graffiti pictures to make a stand for what he believes is the right way to look at controversial issues. Some people may not like Banksy’s graffiti because they do not have the same views as him. Some people might not like it because graffiti is vandalism and they see no art in vandalism. People who dislike his stencil graffiti art consider Banksy a lawbreaker. I personally believe that Banksy is a unique artist that will make a statement with his art, all the while

The s Comic Books Have Recently Become A Way Of...

Comic books have recently become a way of representing and expressing ideas on human sexuality. Politically InQueerect #2 by Dylan Edwards and Liliane and Muesli in Beyond Shades of Queer by Leanne Franson both tell a story with non-heterosexual characters to portray different views on sexuality. Franson’s comic contains many humorous panels that involve a cat or a dog interacting with a human being. She is concerned with the categorization of human sexuality based on sexual behavior and orientation. On the other hand, Edward’s comic has different characters that interact in a friendly and entertaining way. He creates a story to voice his concerns about the political issues and experiences that homosexuals have. Nevertheless, rather than writing a polemic or an op-ed, both authors use the comic book medium to convey their opinions about the experiences that the gay community has and the issues it faces. Representing non-normative sexuality in such a manner makes it easi er for one to examine these issues from a different perspective and to agree with the beliefs of both authors. Leanne Franson’s comic book is about the sexual labels that people use to identify abnormal sexual behaviors and sexual orientations. Franson takes this idea of labeling people’s sexuality and trivializes it as something that is unnecessary in our society by using dogs as an example. In doing so, she identifies a parallel between the worlds of human beings and dogs in her comic book and sheShow MoreRelatedEssay on Sexuality/Textuality in Tristram Shandy8792 Words   |  36 PagesRice University Sexuality/Textuality in Tristram Shandy Author(s): Dennis W. Allen Reviewed work(s): Source: Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 25, No. 3, Restoration and Eighteenth Century (Summer, 1985), pp. 651-670 Published by: Rice University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/450501 . Accessed: 16/12/2012 06:30 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/termsRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pages(from one article of clothing to fully cross-dressing) as well as in their motives for doing so. A small number can go on to identify as transsexual. Gender Reassignment Gender Reassignment also called transitioning, is the process of changing the way someones gender is lived publicly and can be a complex process. People who wish to transition often start by expressing their gender identity in situations where they feel safe. They typically work up to living full-time in a different gender, by makingRead MorePopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 Pagesdefined culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by...[members] of society.[1] Taylor was talking about high culture, an aristocratic view of the past-times such as ballet, theatre and art. Popular culture, on the other hand, is a form of low culture and is based primarily on marketing, mass production and revenue. Low culture is what is sold to the masses, ergo, lowRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTheory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualifyRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesUkraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior p ermissionRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning